Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives

During yesterday’s Finance 4366 class meeting, I suggested that Goldman’s transition from an unlimited liability partnership to a limited liability corporation fundamentally altered its risk-taking incentives. I asked ChatGPT to opine on how this change in organizational structure changed Goldman’s risk profile, and its response (which I include below) is spot on:

ChatGPT: The transition of Goldman Sachs from an unlimited liability partnership to a limited liability corporation (LLC) in 1999 had several implications that could potentially influence the firm’s approach to risk:

1. Change in Liability and Risk Exposure: As an unlimited liability partnership, partners of Goldman Sachs had personal and joint liability for the debts and obligations of the firm. This structure often encourages more cautious risk management, as partners’ personal assets are at stake. Transitioning to an LLC limited the liability to the amount of capital they invested in the company, potentially allowing for riskier behaviors as personal financial exposure was reduced.

2. Access to Capital Markets: Becoming a corporation enabled Goldman Sachs to raise capital more easily through the public equity and debt markets. While this increased capital can support growth and provide a buffer against losses, it also can lead to undertaking larger and potentially riskier projects or investments that might not have been feasible as a partnership.

3. Shareholder Pressure: As a public company, Goldman Sachs now had to answer to shareholders who typically seek short-term financial performance and returns. This pressure can sometimes lead to riskier business strategies aimed at boosting short-term profits at the expense of long-term stability.

4. Regulatory Oversight and Disclosure: Corporations face different regulatory requirements than partnerships, including greater transparency and reporting obligations. These requirements can help mitigate risk through oversight, but they also shift some control and strategic decision-making from management to regulators and public investors.

5. Cultural Shifts: The change in structure could also lead to shifts in corporate culture from one that might emphasize collective responsibility and conservative risk management to one potentially more focused on individual performance and competitive risk-taking.

In sum, the organizational change at Goldman Sachs, like at many firms that undergo similar transitions, could facilitate an increase in risk-taking by altering the liability structure, increasing access to capital, altering management incentives, and shifting corporate culture.

Here’s the agenda for the next couple of Finance 4366 class meetings:

Tomorrow: Review solutions for midterm 2, and complete the credit risk class problem. 

Next Tuesday, dive into concepts that appear in the assigned reading that is due tomorrow; particularly the Geometric Brownian Motion, Ito’s Lemma, and Risk Neutral Valuation, Risk-Neutral Valuation in Continuous Time Synopsis, and Greek Letters teaching notes.

I have updated the course website and Canvas.  Problem set 10 is extra credit – if you complete it, you can use your grade to replace your lowest scoring problem set.  This assignment is in lieu of coding your own spreadsheet for solving the credit risk class problem.  Actually, since problem set 10 is essentially a reparameterization of the class problem, any work you’ve already done on spreadsheet modeling can be trivially repurposed for problem set 10.